Контрольная работа по английскому языку (2 реферата)
| Цена, руб. | 400 |
| Номер работы | 15588 |
| Предмет | Иностранные языки |
| Тип работы | Контрольная |
| Объем, стр. | 4 |
| Оглавление | Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official title of the political unity of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This country is often also called Great Britain or Britain. The British Isles lie to the north-west of the continent of Europe and consist of the main island and several smaller islands. Northern Ireland shares an island with Eire, the Republic of Ireland, which is a separate nation. Great Britain has a very good geographical position. The Gulf Stream gives Britain a temperate climate. It is mild and damp. The summer is not hot and the winter is generally comparatively warm. The north and west of Great Britain are mountainous. The southern and south-eastern parts of the island lie in lowland Britain. The nation has thousands of dialects and six native languages: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Manx, Cornish and English. English and Welsh are the most widely spoken languages, while Manx is obsolete. Britain is a constitutional monarchy presently headed by a queen. Theoretically, the monarch has exceptional political power. A Prime Minister can only dissolve or form a government with the monarch's permission. The monarch can dismiss or appoint a Prime Minister at will. In practice, however, he or she would not seriously interfere with the democratic process. The last monarch to do so, Charles I, was beheaded more than 350 years ago. The British parliament is two-tiered. The "Upper House", or the House of Lords, has minor political functions and its members are not elected. The main activity of government is centred in the elected "Lower House", or the House of Commons. Members of the government belong to the party which wins the most seats in the House of Commons. The leader of the largest party becomes the Prime Minister. From his or her Members of parliament, the Prime Minister chooses a smaller group of about 20, called the Cabinet. The Cabinet is the most important body of the executive and makes all major political decisions. The Cabinet normally meets once or twice a week at No.10 Downing Street, presided over by the Prime Minister who can dismiss any cabinet minister whenever he or she chooses. The Prime Minister can also advise the monarch to dissolve Parliament, thus facing the country with a general election, at any time he wishes. The discipline of the party machine is such that the Cabinet is normally sure of majority on any major issue of policy or legislation. Since 1867 British politics have been dominated by two major parties, the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Britain is a country with highly developed industries. The north of England and South Wales is heavily industrialized. Sheffield is the centre of the steel industry. There are cotton mills and textile factories in Manchester. Liverpool is an important port. Clydeside near Glasgow and Belfast in Northern Ireland are ship-building centres. Many of these areas are in decline, however, owing to an economic recession and damaging governmental policies. London is probably the most popular tourist destination in Europe. Among the attractions is the Gothic Westminster Abbey, site of the coronation of England's kings and queens for over 700 years. Close by are the Houses of Parliament (1840-60), in late Gothic style, built on the site of the medieval Palace of Westminster. There one can see a Clock tower measuring 315 feet high, known thoughout the world as Big Ben. Visitors can now also visit Buckingham Palace, the residence of the Queen. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London, guarded by brightly coloured beefeaters. The Tower, built in 1080, has been used as a fortress and a prison. Among other places of interest is St.Paul's cathedral (1675-1710), designed by Christopher Wren. It is the second largest cathedral in the world and stands in the heart of the city. Among those buried in the cathedral are Admiral Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington, who's army won the Battle of Waterloo. In the centre of Trafalgar Square one can see Nelson's Column, which commemorates Nelson's victory over the French in 1805. London is a mecca for the museum goer. Several of the greatest museums in Europe are located here. Among them are the British Museum and the National Gallery on Trafalgar Square which has a superb collection of French, Italian, Dutch, Flemish and Spanish masters. Historically, London has been divided into three parts: the West End, the East End and the City. The West End is the most vibrant part of London with its palaces, beautiful buildings, historic monuments and parks, theatres, museums, fine shops and restaurants. The East End is traditionally inhabited by the workers. Here one can see factories and docks. The City is the financial and business centre of London. It is a very small part of London, being only one square mile in area, and only a few thousand people live there. However, it contains the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the head quarters of many of the wealthiest companies and corporations in the world. During the day the City has a population of half a million. Every morning the City is invaded by a vast army of clerks, civil servants and businessmen. References 1. O’Driscoll James, Britain: the country and its people: an introduction for learners of English. Oxford, 2008. 2. Panorama of Great Britain. I.S. Baranovsky, D. D. Kozikis. – Minsk, 2005. 3. Profile UK. Alan C. McLean. – Oxford, 2010. Money People often use the proverb “Money talks” to say that money is important in every person’s life. And, indeed, with the help of money we can buy all kinds of things, such as food, clothes, accommodation, cars, mobile phones, computers, make-up, medicines, and many other goods that civilization has to offer. Money doesn’t buy happiness but it helps at some extent. In other words, money is a method of exchange, which is presented by coins and notes. Almost every country has their currency nowadays. Most European countries use Euros and Dollars. However, the method of exchange was not always operated by money. Primitive societies used a system of barters. Barter is a direct exchange of goods without using money. People used to exchange cattle, grain, salt, tobacco, vegetables and other products to something of an equal value. However, they soon understood that barter wasn’t a perfect way of exchange, as peoples’ needs rarely coincided. Coins and paper money were invented in ancient China. First coins were made of copper with a hole in the middle, so that they could be put together like a chain. Later examples were made of gold, silver, lead, zinc, aluminum, nickel and other metals. Some ancient Chinese coins were even made of pressed tealeaves. The majority of modern coins contain images of famous people or important symbols of the country they present. Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient. Officially, the first paper money was used by the Bank of Sweden in 1661. Today, there are so many other ways to preserve money and to spend them. There are traveler’s cheques, credit cards, deposits, loans, etc. They gradually replace paper notes and coins. Some developed countries even have stores where cash is no longer accepted for security reasons. For what purposes do people use money at present? First of all it is still a medium of exchange; when people want to buy something they need to pay for it a certain amount of money (they can pay for goods or services in cash, with the help of cashless transfers or electronic money). Money is also used as a unit of account - money determines cost of all goods and services. Owing to money each person can interpret prices, costs, profits and debts; in such a way people have an opportunity to monitor their financial situations, plan their expenses and measure their future profitability. It is also a well-known fact that money is a store of value - it means that money can be saved for future use. Certainly it is better when money works and brings its owner profit, it's possible as well to put money to a bank and receive interest from it - in such a case a person will receive less profit but risk will be minimized. There are two points of view on money matters. Some people suppose that money makes people satisfied but others find money the evil. On the one hand, money is really of a help to people. To start with, there are a lot of things that we can buy for money, for example different conveniences. They help us to make our life more comfortable. Secondly, what is really important is that only money can give us the feeling of independence. We create our future and if we want to live without problems we should have money. Finally, one of the best things that money can give us is power. When you have money you are in control. On the other hand, money is only a symbol of wealth. To begin with, money is only paper, but it has been given too much importance and it has become people’s new God. In addition, money can spoil people. For instance, it’s not rare when rich people start using their money for evil purposes overusing their power and thinking that everything can be bought and everybody can be controlled. What is more, possessing big sums of money can cause lots of problems. For example, people around get envious, start doing something to get the piece of what you have and your life becomes more dangerous. Money has always been a characteristic of wealth. People have always tried to earn as much money as possible. The explanation to this is quite simple. The more money a person has, the more he or she can afford to buy. People often think that money equals happiness. However, it is not always like that. Happiness is a complicated concept which depends on things that surround the person. These things can be both material and spiritual. For example, love, health and care can't be bought. A lot of examples prove that. Truly rich people still face serious illnesses. Others feel very lonely despite millions of people around them. To sum up, money is really important for modern world nowadays and plays a great role, but thinking of it and earning it people should save their human face not giving money too much power.   References 1. Davies G. History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2002. 2. Mishkin F. (2004), The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, Columbia University (seventh edition). |
| Цена, руб. | 400 |
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20.11
Виктория, большое вам спасибо! Очень быстро все, даже не ожидала ))
Екатерина -
11.11
Сергей, большое Вам спасибо, защитила на отлично! Сказали, хорошая работа. Этого бы не было без Ваше
Наталья -
01.11
Это все благодаря вам. Я уже по вашим материалам тут все изучаю. Спасибо огромное вам и автору! Гос
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